Since 1619 all the way to the end of the Civil War  in 1865, chattel slavery prospered. Merrit Kennedy, a writer for NPR, says, “In 1857, the majority opinion stated that African Americans could not be considered citizens-and by extension the decision treated black people as property, not people.” Some slaves were even owned by many famous American leaders that […]

In 1882, Rear Admiral George Balch wrote the Pledge of Allegiance, which reads: “I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” Each word chosen by the author was specifically designed to make people feel patriotic, inseparable, and […]